To get this to work properly (meaning not throw an exception, and remove the row when you change the check on the filtered checkbox column and leave the row), you need to be using the latest release 2.1.0.9, and make sure you have this property set.
this.gridDataBoundGrid1.UseListChangedEvent = true;
(Now this may work with 2.0.5.1 as well - not really sure - but it worked for me in 2.1.0.9 with the attached sample. It does not work in earlier releases.)
FilterBarWithBool_3023.zip